(author unknown)

Once upon a time, in a kingdom not far from here, a king summoned two of his advisors for a test. He showed them both a shiny metal box with two slots in the top, a control knob, and a lever. “What do you think this is?”

One advisor, an Electrical Engineer, answered first. “It is a toaster,” he said.

The king asked, “How would you design an embedded computer for it?”

The advisor says: “Using a four-bit microcontroller, I would write a simple program that reads the darkness knob and quantifies its position to one of 16 shades of darkness, from snow white to coal black. The program would use that darkness level as the index to a 16-element table of initial timer values. Then it would turn on the heating elements and start the timer with the initial value selected from the table. At the end of the time delay, it would turn off the heat and pop up the toast. Come back next week, and I’ll show you a working prototype.”

The second advisor, a software developer, immediately recognized the danger of such short-sighted thinking. He said, “Toasters don’t just turn bread into toast, they are also used to warm frozen waffles. What you see before you is really a breakfast food cooker. As the subjects of your kingdom become more sophisticated, they will demand more capabilities. They will need a breakfast food cooker that can also cook sausage, fry bacon, and make scrambled eggs. A toaster that only makes toast will soon be obsolete. If we don’t look to the future, we will have to completely redesign the toaster in just a few years. With this in mind, we can formulate a more intelligent solution to the problem. First, create a class of breakfast foods. Specialize this class into subclasses: grains, pork, and poultry. The specialization process should be repeated with grains divided into toast, muffins, pancakes, and waffles; pork divided into sausage, links, and bacon; and poultry divided into scrambled eggs, hard-boiled eggs, poached eggs, fried eggs, and various omelet classes. The ham and cheese omelet class is worth special attention because it must inherit characteristics from the pork, dairy, and poultry classes. Thus, we see that the problem cannot be properly solved without multiple inheritance. At run time, the program must create the proper object and send a message to the object that says, ‘Cook yourself.’ The semantics of this message depend, of course, on the kind of object, so they have a different meaning to a piece of toast than to scrambled eggs. Reviewing the process so far, we see that the analysis phase has revealed that the primary requirement is to cook any kind of breakfast food. In the design phase, we have discovered some derived requirements. Specifically, we need an object-oriented language with multiple inheritance. Of course, users don’t want the eggs to get cold while the bacon is frying, so concurrent processing is required, too. We must not forget the user interface. The lever that lowers the food lacks versatility, and the darkness knob is confusing. Users won’t buy the product unless it has a user-friendly, graphical interface. When the breakfast cooker is plugged in, users should see a cowboy boot on the screen. Users click on it, and the message ‘Booting UNIX v.8.3’ appears on the screen (UNIX 8.3 should be out by the time the product gets to the market). Users can pull down a menu and click on the foods they want to cook. Having made the wise decision of specifying the software first in the design phase, all that remains is to pick an adequate hardware platform for the implementation phase. An Intel Pentium with 48MB of memory, a 1.2GB hard disk, and a SVGA monitor should be sufficient. If you select a multitasking, object oriented language that supports multiple inheritance and has a built-in GUI, writing the program will be a snap.”

The king wisely had the software developer beheaded, and they all lived happily ever after.

—

This may not be unlike how product development often happens (hence it being a parable ;-). Most toasters (I’ve fixed a few) are actually purely mechanical, no micro-controller. While the techie in me gets somewhat annoyed the artificial limitations this imposes, why did the king ask about embedded controllers for this thing?

While the software developer correctly identified that people don’t actually buy a toaster, they don’t want to buy a “breakfast cooking device” either. What they’re (probably, based on my own observation) buying is quick convenience for some warm morning food, and his solution doesn’t deliver that. Rather than just sticking in a slide of bread or an English muffin and pressing down the lever (perhaps adjusting the control, which admittedly sometimes ends up being wrong for whatever I put in), it requires startup time + selections to be made… not at all desired in the usage context.

A mechanical toaster satisfies the actual desired use with ease, and thus passes the important “good enough?” test. The version with the micro-controller from the first advisor actually does nothing more than that, and thus is over-designed already.

I can only presume that the king had a background in engineering 😉  when you’re a hammer, everything starts looking like a nail… I reckon the king asked the wrong question, leading the rest of his team and the whole project astray.